GLOSSARY
5-DOL:   Abbreviation for Five-Day-Old-Larvae. Keeping the hatchlings in a controlled and protected environment for five days after hatching increases the survival rate and allows the larvae to be counted  before they are added to the biowaste.
Adult:   The final development stage after pupation. With insects, this is usually called “imago”.
Anaerobic digestion:   Degradation of organic compounds by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, leading to the production of biogas.
Ant trap:   Protects from ant invasion. Each table leg is placed into a container filled with water and a drop of detergent. The detergent reduces the surface tension of the water.
Attractant:   Smelly liquid substance that attracts BSF females to lay eggs nearby. Usually, this contains different smelly substances like fermenting fruit, dead flies or residue. BSF eggs have also been found to act as an attractant. It is, therefore, advisable not to harvest eggs every day as the already laid eggs attract other females.
Batch operation:   In batch operation, a defined amount of waste and larvae are added to a container, which is harvested after a certain time. Batch operation is in contrast to continuous operation, where waste and larvae are added continuously to the same container. The container is only emptied once it is full.
Biowaste:   Generally, all biodegradable matter. In this particular context, it does not include waste high in cellulose (e.g. garden waste, wood, grass clippings, leaves, etc.) as this cannot be easily digested by the larvae.
BSF:   Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens 
Coco peat:   The powdery material resulting from processing coconut fibre. In this context, it is mostly used for its moisture absorbing properties. It can be replaced by other materials with similar moisture absorbing properties, such as wheat bran, for example.
Compost:  Organic matter that has been degraded and transformed by aerobic processes to a soil-like substance and can be used as a fertilizer and soil amendment.
Dark cage:   Adult flies emerge in the dark cage where they remain until transferred to the love cage. The darkness keeps the flies calm and prevents mating activity.
Date code:   The date code allows for calculating the duration of the ongoing process and is applied to cages and containers. It consists of the calendar week of the year and the day of the week (for example: Tuesday of week 8 is coded as 8.2). 
Dry matter:   The mass of the matter after all water has been removed. It is usually determined by keeping a sample in an oven at 105°C for at least 12 hours.
Egg:   A female fly lays between 400 and 800 eggs from which young larvae will hatch within four days. One egg weighs about 25µg.
Eggie:   The media used in an engineered BSF-system to collect eggs. It provides sheltered cavities for egg deposition.
Emerging:   When adult flies emerge from a pupa after pupation.
Engineered biosystem:   A biological process that has been optimised for a practical use.
Faecal sludge:   A waste product from onsite sanitation systems, such as pit latrines or septic tanks. It is usually a combination of excreta and water, often mixed with sand and household trash.
Feeding station:   A designated area where waste is added to the larveros. It is advisable that it can be cleaned easily (tiled or sealed floor) as biowaste may be spilled during the feeding operation.
Fishmeal:  Fishmeal is a nutrient-rich feed ingredient used in the diets of farmed animals. It is manufactured from wild-caught small marine fish and is a powder obtained after grinding, cooking and defatting the fish. Fishmeal production is a significant contributor to over-fishing.
Food and restaurant  waste:    Biowaste from restaurants consists of kitchen scraps and food waste. It typically has a higher nutritional value and a lower water content than market waste or food processing waste.
   
Food processing waste:  Biowaste from the food processing industry. It varies from fruit and vegetable bits to bread crumbs and/or dairy products. It is usually a homogenous and uniform waste source.
Hammer mill:   Crushes and shreds material into smaller pieces by repeated strikes of small hammers. It does not cut material. The particle size is defined by the diameter of the outlet screen.
Hatching:   The process of young larvae (hatchlings) emerging from the egg.
Hatchling:   Larvae that have just hatched from the eggs. Sometimes also called “neonates”.
Hatchling container:   Hatchlings fall into the hatchling container after hatching where they remain and feed for five days on nutritious feed (chicken feed) to become 5-DOL.
Hatchling shower:   Harvested eggies are placed on a rack called a hatchling shower, which is placed over a hatchling container. When young larvae hatch, they fall into the hatchling container, which is replaced regularly (every one to three days).
Human faeces:   Excrement that is not mixed with urine or water. A product from urine-diverting dry toilets.
Lab oven:   An oven which provides a uniform temperature. In BSF biowaste processing, it is mostly used to obtain dry matter samples from waste, residue and larvae, and operates at 105°C.
Larva:   The juvenile stadium of holometabolous insects. There are seven larval stages, so-called instars, in the life cycle of the black soldier fly before metamorphosis (transforming them into an adult fly). 
Larvero:   The larvero is the container where larvae feed on biowaste. It can be of any form, from a standard crate (60x40x15cm) to a pallet sized bin, and up to large concrete basins.
Love cage:   The love cage is a netted enclosure with a cohort of same-aged flies received from the dark cages. In the love cage, adult flies mate and females lay their eggs into eggies. After a week, the love cage is removed and emptied.
Low- and 
middle-income setting:  
Although BSF biowaste treatment can be applied all around the globe, the set-up and operation presented in this book focuses on low- and middle-income countries (GNI up to ±10,000 EUR). This context is characterized by low labour costs, and a high organic fraction of the municipal solid waste. 
Market waste:   Consists mostly of fruits and vegetables. It has a high water content (up to 95%) and is subject to seasonal variation. The outer parts of leafy vegetables may have been exposed to pesticides.
Municipal organic waste:   Waste generated by settlements, which includes households, commercial and industrial premises, institutions (schools, health care centres, prisons, etc.) and public spaces (streets, bus stops, parks and gardens).
Nursery container:   In the nursery container, 5-DOL are fed a defined amount of nutritious feed (e.g. wet chicken feed) until they transform into prepupae. These are used to maintain the colony, which are transferred to the pupation containers where the prepupae pupate and eventually emerge as adults.
Pelletiser:   Equipment that molds larvae and other feed ingredients (soymeal, corn, rice husks, etc.) into feed pellets for fish or chicken.
Poultry manure:   Manure from broiler production or layer hens. BSF larvae grow well on this rather homogenous biowaste, but tend to remain quite small. This substance is rather dry and may, thus, be used in combination with fruit and vegetable waste.
Prepupa:   The last larval stage that crawls out of the waste to search a dry pupation site. In comparison to the larvae, prepupae have a higher chitin content and are, therefore, less easy for fish and chicken to digest.
Pupa:   During pupation, the metamorphosis from larva to adult fly happens. Black soldier fly larvae pupate within their last larval skin and pupation lasts around 20 days.
Pupation container:   The pupation container is filled with a moist pupation substrate (e.g. compost, moist coco peat, pot soil, etc.) which prepupae bury into and is where they pupate.
Rearing:   The rearing facility contains the whole life cycle of the black soldier fly and produces the 5-DOL sufficient to treat the incoming biowaste.
Residue:   The leftovers after the treatment process. This substance can be a crumbly, soil-like substrate or a wet slurry.
Shaking sieve:   A sieve which vibrates or shakes, that is powered by an eccentric drive. It is used with a mesh 3 to 5 mm in size during harvest to separate grown larvae from the residue. 
Slaughterhouse waste:   It includes bones, organs, hooves, blood and other inedible animal parts leftover after all the edible parts of the animal have been removed. It can also include the gut content of the slaughtered animals. 
Spent grains:   The main waste product from beer production. The leftover malt and adjuncts after the mash has extracted most of the sugars, proteins, and nutrients.
Transfer container: Collects the prepupae which crawl out of the nursery container. It contains coco peat or another dry substance to prevent the prepupae from escaping.
Ventilation  frame:   Provides a space between the layers of larveros. It ensures the exchange of air and, thus, the removal of moisture from the larveros Waste reduction: The waste reduction is measured, either based on wet weight or dry weight, and compares the biowaste going into the treatment with the remaining biomass (residue). Depending on the type of biowaste, one can expect a waste reduction between 60% and 85% dry weight
Waste  sourcing:   Proper waste sourcing is of crucial importance for a complete waste treatment chain. It relies on a well-organised collection scheme that takes into account efficient collection routes and adequate means of transport. When dealing with municipal solid waste, a special focus needs to be set on the segregation of the organic fraction. 
Water content:  When a sample (waste, larvae, residue, etc.) is dried at 105°C in a lab oven, all the water that is evaporated is referred to as “water content”. Together with the remaining solids (“total solids”), both are expressed as percentages of wet weight; it equals to 100%
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